Building a team around one star is brittle and failure-prone by design, not by bad luck. A star is temporary. Stars transfer, retire, burn out, or leave for an avocado farm, so the club that rests its results on them is running on a clock it can’t see. The problem shows up while the star is still there. Every team skill the star replaces just rots on the vine. By the time the star is gone, the team has spent months destroying the crop it will depend on.

Early in the first season of Ted Lasso, the show stages a training session that anyone who's ever been new at a job will recognize from the inside. In this instance, a young defender keeps getting beaten by the team's star, who celebrates each win by mocking him in front of the squad. Watch the kid through the whole drill and you can see the real problem: every mistake costs him a few seconds of replaying it in his head, and those few seconds are exactly the window the next m

Six months after a change effort is when you find out whether it actually worked. Not during the rollout, when attention is high and the new way of working is still novel. Six months later, when the next crisis has arrived and the champion who drove the initiative has moved on to something else. That's when you find out whether the improvement was built into the structure or just held in place by effort.

What makes organizational diagnosis so hard? The place where the pain is visible and the place where the pain originates are almost never the same.